What are the whitening ingredients in cosmetics?

There are many whitening ingredients in cosmetics, such as the following:
1. Vitamin C: Inhibits melanin and promotes collagen formation.
2. Arbutin: Inhibits the activity of complex amino acid enzymes and reduces the production of melanin. It is a typical inhibitory whitening ingredient.
3. Niacinamide: It can inhibit melanin, whiten skin, and has stable properties.
4. Kojic acid: In comparative experiments, it was found that among the existing whitening ingredients, its effect is the most obvious. Generally, kojic acid is extracted from filamentous fungi such as Penicillium and Aspergillus. It is a toxic cell, so it is not completely popular in the market. The properties are not stable enough and the safety factor is not high.
5. Fruit acid: After removing hyperkeratinized stratum corneum, it stimulates the growth of new cells. It also helps remove facial fine lines and lighten epidermal pigment, making the skin softer, whiter, smoother and more elastic.